The capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. Given a depot and a set of customers with demands in a metric space, the objective is to find a set of tours, each starting and ending at the depot, operated by a capacitated vehicle located at the depot, such that all customers are served and the total travel cost is minimized. We consider the unsplittable variant, where the demand of each customer must be served entirely by a single tour. The previous best approximation ratio was about $α+1.694$, where $α$ is the approximation ratio for the traveling salesman problem. We propose improved approximation algorithms. First, we introduce a unified algorithmic framework that generalizes and integrates known linear programming (LP) rounding and matching-based approaches. We show that these techniques are complementary and can be combined to yield improved approximation ratios. Second, we develop a novel analytical framework based on customer demand discretization, which yields new structural bounds and, through factor-revealing LPs, achieves expected approximation ratios of about $α+1.647$ for the general-capacity case and $α+1.548$ for the fixed-capacity case. Finally, we derandomize our algorithms using a priori 2-tour sets and the method of conditional expectations while maintaining nearly the same approximation ratios.

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