There are a number of measures of direct and indirect effects in the literature. They are suitable in some cases and unsuitable in others. We describe a case where the existing measures are unsuitable and propose new suitable ones. We also show that the new measures can partially handle unmeasured treatment-outcome confounding, and bound long-term effects by combining experimental and observational data.

翻译：文献中存在多种直接效应与间接效应的测量方法，这些方法在某些场景下适用，而在其他场景下则存在局限性。我们描述了一种现有测量方法不适用的情景，并提出了新的适用方法。同时证明新方法可部分处理未测量的处理-结果混杂偏倚，并通过结合实验数据与观察数据来界定长期效应。