Driver assistance systems are designed to increase comfort and safety by automating parts of the driving task. At the same time, modern in-vehicle information systems with large touchscreens provide the driver with numerous options for entertainment, information, or communication, and are a potential source of distraction. However, little is known about how driving automation affects how drivers interact with the center stack touchscreen, i.e., how drivers self-regulate their behavior in response to different levels of driving automation. To investigate this, we apply multilevel models to a real-world driving dataset consisting of 31,378 sequences. Our results show significant differences in drivers' interaction and glance behavior in response to different levels of driving automation, vehicle speed, and road curvature. During automated driving, drivers perform more interactions per touchscreen sequence and increase the time spent looking at the center stack touchscreen. Specifically, at higher levels of driving automation (level 2), the mean glance duration toward the center stack touchscreen increases by 36% and the mean number of interactions per sequence increases by 17% compared to manual driving. Furthermore, partially automated driving has a strong impact on the use of more complex UI elements (e.g., maps) and touch gestures (e.g., multitouch). We also show that the effect of driving automation on drivers' self-regulation is greater than that of vehicle speed and road curvature. The derived knowledge can inform the design and evaluation of touch-based infotainment systems and the development of context-aware driver monitoring systems.

翻译：驾驶员辅助系统通过自动化部分驾驶任务旨在提升舒适性与安全性。与此同时，配备大尺寸触屏的现代车载信息系统为驾驶员提供了娱乐、信息或通信的多种选择，并成为潜在的分心源。然而，关于驾驶自动化如何影响驾驶员与中控台触屏的交互——即驾驶员如何根据不同程度的驾驶自动化自我调节其行为——目前知之甚少。为探究这一问题，我们对包含31,378个序列的真实驾驶数据集应用多层模型进行分析。结果显示，驾驶员在不同驾驶自动化水平、车速及道路曲率下的交互与注视行为存在显著差异。在自动驾驶过程中，驾驶员每次触屏序列的交互次数增加，且注视中控台触屏的时间延长。具体而言，与人工驾驶相比，在更高等级驾驶自动化（L2级）下，驾驶员对中控台触屏的平均注视时长增加36%，每次序列的平均交互次数增加17%。此外，部分自动驾驶对复杂UI元素（如地图）和触摸手势（如多点触控）的使用具有显著影响。我们还发现，驾驶自动化对驾驶员自我调节的影响大于车速及道路曲率。本研究所得知识可为基于触摸的信息娱乐系统设计、评估以及情境感知驾驶员监控系统的开发提供参考。