The wireless blockchain network (WBN) concept, born from the blockchain deployed in wireless networks, has appealed to many network scenarios. Blockchain consensus mechanisms (CMs) are key to enabling nodes in a wireless network to achieve consistency without any trusted entity. However, consensus reliability will be seriously affected by the instability of communication links in wireless networks. Meanwhile, it is difficult for nodes in wireless scenarios to obtain a timely energy supply. Energy-intensive blockchain functions can quickly drain the power of nodes, thus degrading consensus performance. Fortunately, a symbiotic radio (SR) system enabled by cognitive backscatter communications can solve the above problems. In SR, the secondary transmitter (STx) transmits messages over the radio frequency (RF) signal emitted from a primary transmitter (PTx) with extremely low energy consumption, and the STx can provide multipath gain to the PTx in return. Such an approach is useful for almost all vote-based CMs, such as the Practical Byzantine Fault-tolerant (PBFT)-like and the RAFT-like CMs. This paper proposes symbiotic blockchain consensus (SBC) by transforming 6 PBFT-like and 4 RAFT-like state-of-the-art (SOTA) CMs to demonstrate universality. These new CMs will benefit from mutualistic transmission relationships in SR, making full use of the limited spectrum resources in WBN. Simulation results show that SBC can increase the consensus success rate of PBFT-like and RAFT-like by 54.1% and 5.8%, respectively, and reduce energy consumption by 9.2% and 23.7%, respectively.

翻译：无线区块链网络（WBN）概念源于部署在无线网络中的区块链，已吸引众多网络场景。区块链共识机制（CM）是使无线网络中节点无需可信实体即可达成一致的关键。然而，无线网络中通信链路的不稳定性会严重影响共识可靠性。同时，无线场景中的节点难以获得及时的能量供应，高能耗的区块链功能会迅速耗尽节点电量，从而降低共识性能。幸运的是，基于认知反向散射通信的共生无线电（SR）系统可解决上述问题。在SR系统中，次级发射器（STx）以极低能耗通过主发射器（PTx）发射的射频（RF）信号传输消息，并可为PTx提供多径增益作为回报。该方法适用于几乎所有基于投票的共识机制，如实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）类及RAFT类共识机制。本文通过改造6种PBFT类和4种RAFT类最新（SOTA）共识机制，提出共生区块链共识（SBC）以证明其普适性。这些新共识机制将受益于SR中的互惠传输关系，充分利用WBN中受限的频谱资源。仿真结果表明，SBC可将PBFT类和RAFT类共识机制的成功率分别提升54.1%和5.8%，同时分别降低能耗9.2%和23.7%。