The macro-element variant of the hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method combines advantages of continuous and discontinuous finite element discretization. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the macro-element HDG method for the analysis of compressible flow problems at moderate Reynolds numbers. To efficiently handle the corresponding large systems of equations, we explore several strategies at the solver level. On the one hand, we devise a second-layer static condensation approach that reduces the size of the local system matrix in each macro-element and hence the factorization time of the local solver. On the other hand, we employ a multi-level preconditioner based on the FGMRES solver for the global system that integrates well within a matrix-free implementation. In addition, we integrate a standard diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration. We test the matrix-free macro-element HDG method for compressible flow benchmarks, including Couette flow, flow past a sphere, and the Taylor-Green vortex. Our results show that unlike standard HDG, the macro-element HDG method can operate efficiently for moderate polynomial degrees, as the local computational load can be flexibly increased via mesh refinement within a macro-element. Our results also show that due to the balance of local and global operations, the reduction in degrees of freedom, and the reduction of the global problem size and the number of iterations for its solution, the macro-element HDG method can be a competitive option for the analysis of compressible flow problems.

翻译：宏单元变体形式的杂交间断Galerkin（HDG）方法融合了连续与间断有限元离散的优势。本文研究了宏单元HDG方法在中雷诺数可压缩流动问题分析中的性能。为高效处理相应的大型方程组，我们在求解器层面探索了多种策略。一方面，我们设计了第二层静力凝聚方法，减小每个宏单元局部系统矩阵的规模，从而缩短局部求解器的分解时间。另一方面，我们采用基于FGMRES求解器的多层预处理技术处理全局系统，该方法能很好地集成到无矩阵实现框架中。此外，我们整合了标准对角隐式龙格-库塔格式进行时间积分。我们针对可压缩流动基准测试（包括库埃特流动、球体绕流和泰勒-格林涡流）对无矩阵宏单元HDG方法进行了评估。结果表明，与标准HDG不同，宏单元HDG方法在中低多项式阶数下仍能高效运行，因其局部计算负载可通过宏单元内网格加密灵活增加。研究还显示，得益于局部与全局运算的平衡、自由度的缩减、全局问题规模及其求解迭代数的降低，宏单元HDG方法可作为可压缩流动问题分析的有竞争力的选择。