Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become important tools in Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), enabling new ways to analyze data, treat patients, and conduct research. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of LLM applications in BHI, highlighting their transformative potential and addressing the associated ethical and practical challenges. We reviewed 1,698 research articles from January 2022 to December 2023, categorizing them by research themes and diagnostic categories. Additionally, we conducted network analysis to map scholarly collaborations and research dynamics. Our findings reveal a substantial increase in the potential applications of LLMs to a variety of BHI tasks, including clinical decision support, patient interaction, and medical document analysis. Notably, LLMs are expected to be instrumental in enhancing the accuracy of diagnostic tools and patient care protocols. The network analysis highlights dense and dynamically evolving collaborations across institutions, underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of LLM research in BHI. A significant trend was the application of LLMs in managing specific disease categories such as mental health and neurological disorders, demonstrating their potential to influence personalized medicine and public health strategies. LLMs hold promising potential to further transform biomedical research and healthcare delivery. While promising, the ethical implications and challenges of model validation call for rigorous scrutiny to optimize their benefits in clinical settings. This survey serves as a resource for stakeholders in healthcare, including researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, to understand the current state and future potential of LLMs in BHI.

翻译：大型语言模型（LLMs）已迅速成为生物医学与健康信息学（BHI）领域的重要工具，为数据分析、患者诊疗及科学研究提供了新范式。本研究旨在系统综述LLMs在BHI中的应用全景，揭示其变革潜力并探讨相关的伦理与实践挑战。我们梳理了2022年1月至2023年12月期间的1,698篇研究文献，依据研究主题与疾病类别进行分类，并通过网络分析方法描绘学术合作与研究动态。研究发现：LLMs在临床决策支持、患者交互及医学文档分析等BHI任务中展现出显著增长的应用潜力；特别值得注意的是，LLMs有望显著提升诊断工具与患者护理方案的准确性。网络分析揭示了跨机构间紧密且动态演进的合作网络，凸显了BHI领域LLM研究的跨学科特性。一个重要趋势是LLMs在心理健康与神经系统疾病等特定疾病管理中的应用，表明其可能对个性化医疗与公共卫生策略产生深远影响。尽管LLMs展现出进一步变革生物医学研究与医疗服务的巨大潜力，其伦理影响与模型验证挑战仍需严格审视，以优化其在临床环境中的效益。本综述可为医疗健康领域的研究者、临床工作者及政策制定者提供参考，帮助理解LLMs在BHI中的现状与未来前景。