Battery management systems (BMS) are becoming increasingly important in the modern age, where clean energy awareness is getting more prominent. They are responsible for controlling large battery packs in modern electric vehicles. However, conventional solutions rely only on a wired design, which adds manufacturing cost and complexity. Recent research has considered wireless solutions for the BMS. However, it is still challenging to develop a solution that considers both the active in-vehicle and the external second-life applications. The battery passport initiative aims to keep track of the batteries, both during active and inactive use cases. There is a need to provide a secure design while considering energy and cost-efficient solutions. We aim to fill this gap by proposing a wireless solution based on near-field communication (NFC) that extends previous work and provides a unified architecture for both use cases. To provide protection against common wireless threats, an advanced security analysis is performed, as well as a system design analysis for the wake-up process that reduces the daily power consumption of the stored battery packs from milli- to microwatts.

翻译：电池管理系统（BMS）在现代社会日益重要，尤其是在清洁能源意识日益凸显的背景下。它负责控制现代电动汽车中的大型电池组。然而，传统方案仅依赖有线设计，增加了制造成本和复杂度。近期研究已开始探索BMS的无线解决方案，但开发同时兼顾车载主动应用与外部二次应用场景的方案仍具挑战性。电池护照计划旨在追踪电池在主动与非主动使用周期中的状态，因此亟需在兼顾能效与成本效益的前提下提供安全设计。为填补这一空白，我们提出基于近场通信（NFC）的无线解决方案，该方案扩展了前期工作，为两种应用场景提供统一架构。为抵御常见无线威胁，我们开展了高级安全分析，并对唤醒过程进行了系统设计分析，成功将存储电池组的日常功耗从毫瓦级降至微瓦级。