This study compares the safety of autonomous- and human drivers. It finds that the Waymo One autonomous service is significantly safer towards other road users than human drivers are, as measured via collision causation. The result is determined by comparing Waymo's third party liability insurance claims data with mileage- and zip-code-calibrated Swiss Re (human driver) private passenger vehicle baselines. A liability claim is a request for compensation when someone is responsible for damage to property or injury to another person, typically following a collision. Liability claims reporting and their development is designed using insurance industry best practices to assess crash causation contribution and predict future crash contributions. In over 3.8 million miles driven without a human being behind the steering wheel in rider-only (RO) mode, the Waymo Driver incurred zero bodily injury claims in comparison with the human driver baseline of 1.11 claims per million miles (cpmm). The Waymo Driver also significantly reduced property damage claims to 0.78 cpmm in comparison with the human driver baseline of 3.26 cpmm. Similarly, in a more statistically robust dataset of over 35 million miles during autonomous testing operations (TO), the Waymo Driver, together with a human autonomous specialist behind the steering wheel monitoring the automation, also significantly reduced both bodily injury and property damage cpmm compared to the human driver baselines.

翻译：本研究对比了无人驾驶与人类驾驶员的安全性。通过碰撞成因分析，研究发现Waymo One无人驾驶服务对其他道路使用者的安全性显著优于人类驾驶员。这一结果基于Waymo第三方责任险理赔数据与经行驶里程和邮政编码校准的瑞士再保险公司（人类驾驶员）私人乘用车基准数据的对比。责任险理赔是指当某人需对他人财产损失或人身伤害（通常由碰撞事故引发）负责时提出的赔偿请求。理赔报告及其发展过程采用保险行业最佳实践进行设计，以评估事故成因贡献并预测未来事故损失。在无人驾驶模式下行驶超过380万英里的过程中，Waymo Driver未产生任何人身伤害理赔，而人类驾驶员基准值为每百万英里1.11起理赔。同时，Waymo Driver将财产损失理赔显著降低至每百万英里0.78起，而人类驾驶员基准值为每百万英里3.26起。此外，在统计上更具说服力的自动驾驶测试运行数据集（超过3500万英里）中，Waymo Driver与坐在方向盘后监控自动化系统的无人驾驶专家协同工作时，其人身伤害和财产损失理赔率相较于人类驾驶员基准值也均显著降低。