Many cities promote walkability through concepts such as the compact city and 15-minute city to enhance urban livability, yet few methods link spatial walkability features to empirically measured livability and account for temporal dynamics. The method developed for this study uses mobile phone data from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Finland) to assess whether commonly used, literature-derived livability indicators (diversity, density, proximity, accessibility) predict observed human activity patterns across different times of day. We constructed two key dimensions of livability: attractiveness and walkability with quantifiable sub-indicators that were selected based on literature. Our analysis shows that walkability, and even more so the combined livability index, correlates with activity patterns, outperforming the pure attractiveness perspective. However, this relationship is temporally unstable, significantly weakening at night and fluctuating daily. Moreover, based on Geographically Weighted Regression analysis, our results reveal significant spatial variation in the relationship between livability and the intensity of human activities. The findings suggest that traditional urban planning goals, such as functional diversity to enhance walkability, contribute to livability but have a limited impact on the 15-minute city's overall sustainable mobility objectives, necessitating a larger-scale perspective and more functionally profiled approaches for urban development.

翻译：许多城市通过紧凑城市和15分钟城市等概念促进步行性以提升城市宜居性，但鲜有方法能将空间步行性特征与实证测量的宜居性相关联并考虑时间动态。本研究开发的方法利用赫尔辛基大都会区（芬兰）的手机数据，评估常用文献衍生的宜居性指标（多样性、密度、邻近性、可达性）是否能够预测不同时段观测到的人类活动模式。我们构建了宜居性的两个关键维度：吸引力与步行性，并基于文献选取了可量化的子指标。分析表明，步行性，尤其是综合宜居性指数，与活动模式具有相关性，其表现优于单纯的吸引力视角。然而，这种关系在时间上并不稳定，夜间显著减弱且存在日常波动。此外，基于地理加权回归分析，我们的结果揭示了宜居性与人类活动强度之间关系存在显著的空间异质性。研究结果表明，传统城市规划目标（如提升步行性的功能多样性）虽有助于宜居性建设，但对15分钟城市整体可持续交通目标的影响有限，这要求城市规划需要更大尺度的视角和更具功能针对性的发展路径。