Precision health, increasingly supported by digital technologies, is a domain of research that broadens the paradigm of precision medicine, advancing everyday healthcare. This vision goes hand in hand with the groundbreaking advent of artificial intelligence (AI), which is reshaping the way we diagnose, treat, and monitor both clinical subjects and the general population. AI tools powered by machine learning have shown considerable improvements in a variety of healthcare domains. In particular, reinforcement learning (RL) holds great promise for sequential and dynamic problems such as dynamic treatment regimes and just-in-time adaptive interventions in digital health. In this work, we discuss the opportunity offered by AI, more specifically RL, to current trends in healthcare, providing a methodological survey of RL methods in the context of precision and digital health. Focusing on the area of adaptive interventions, we expand the methodological survey with illustrative case studies that used RL in real practice. This invited article has undergone anonymous review and is intended as a book chapter for the volume "Frontiers of Statistics and Data Science" edited by Subhashis Ghoshal and Anindya Roy for the International Indian Statistical Association Series on Statistics and Data Science, published by Springer. It covers the material from a short course titled "Artificial Intelligence in Precision and Digital Health" taught by the author Bibhas Chakraborty at the IISA 2022 Conference, December 26-30 2022, at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.

翻译：精准健康日益受到数字技术的支持，是一个拓宽精准医学范式、推动日常医疗保健的研究领域。这一愿景与人工智能（AI）的突破性发展相辅相成，后者正在重塑我们对临床对象及普通人群进行诊断、治疗和监测的方式。由机器学习驱动的AI工具已在多个医疗保健领域展现出显著改进。特别是强化学习（RL）在序列性和动态性问题（如数字健康中的动态治疗方案和即时适应性干预）方面具有巨大潜力。本文探讨了AI（更具体地说是RL）为当前医疗保健趋势带来的机遇，对精准与数字健康背景下的RL方法进行了方法论综述。聚焦于适应性干预领域，我们通过实际应用RL的案例研究扩展了方法论综述。本文为受邀稿件，经过匿名评审，拟作为由Subhashis Ghoshal和Anindya Roy编辑、Springer出版的《国际印度统计协会统计与数据科学系列丛书》之《统计与数据科学前沿》卷的书籍章节。内容基于作者Bibhas Chakraborty于2022年12月26日至30日在印度科学研究院（班加罗尔）举行的IISA 2022会议上讲授的短期课程“人工智能在精准与数字健康中的应用”。