In the PoS blockchain landscape, the challenge of achieving full decentralization is often hindered by a disproportionate concentration of staked tokens among a few validators. This study analyses this challenge by first formalizing decentralization metrics for weighted consensus mechanisms. An empirical analysis across ten permissionless blockchains uncovers significant weight concentration among validators, underscoring the need for an equitable approach. To counter this, we introduce the Square Root Stake Weight (SRSW) model, which effectively recalibrates staking weight distribution. Our examination of the SRSW model demonstrates notable improvements in the decentralization metrics: the Gini index improves by 37.16% on average, while Nakamoto coefficients for liveness and safety see mean enhancements of 101.04% and 80.09%, respectively. This research is a pivotal step toward a more fair and equitable distribution of staking weight, advancing the decentralization in blockchain consensus mechanisms.

翻译：在权益证明（PoS）区块链生态中，完全去中心化目标的实现常受限于少数验证者持有的质押代币过度集中。本研究首先通过形式化加权共识机制的去中心化评估指标来剖析该挑战。对十条无许可区块链的实证分析揭示了验证者间显著的权重集中现象，凸显了引入均衡方案的必要性。为此，我们提出平方根质押权重（SRSW）模型，该模型可有效重构质押权重分布。对SRSW模型的检验表明，去中心化指标获得显著改善：基尼系数平均提升37.16%，而表征活跃性与安全性的中本系数分别平均提升101.04%和80.09%。本研究为构建更公平合理的质押权重分配体系提供了关键性突破，有力推动了区块链共识机制的去中心化进程。