Many natural systems are observed as point patterns in time, space, or space and time. Examples include plant and cellular systems, animal colonies, earthquakes, and wildfires. In practice the locations of the points are not always observed correctly. However, in the point process literature, there has been relatively scant attention paid to the issue of errors in the location of points. In this paper, we discuss how the observed point pattern may deviate from the actual point pattern and review methods and models that exist to handle such deviations. The discussion is supplemented with several scientific illustrations.

翻译：许多自然系统在时间、空间或时空上表现为点模式。例如植物和细胞系统、动物群落、地震以及野火等。然而在实际观测中，点的位置并非总能被准确记录。但在点过程文献中，关于点位置误差问题的关注相对较少。本文探讨了观测点模式与实际点模式可能存在的偏差，并综述了现有处理此类偏差的方法与模型。相关讨论辅以多项科学实例进行说明。