Foundation model, which is pre-trained on broad data and is able to adapt to a wide range of tasks, is advancing healthcare. It promotes the development of healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) models, breaking the contradiction between limited AI models and diverse healthcare practices. Much more widespread healthcare scenarios will benefit from the development of a healthcare foundation model (HFM), improving their advanced intelligent healthcare services. Despite the impending widespread deployment of HFMs, there is currently a lack of clear understanding about how they work in the healthcare field, their current challenges, and where they are headed in the future. To answer these questions, a comprehensive and deep survey of the challenges, opportunities, and future directions of HFMs is presented in this survey. It first conducted a comprehensive overview of the HFM including the methods, data, and applications for a quick grasp of the current progress. Then, it made an in-depth exploration of the challenges present in data, algorithms, and computing infrastructures for constructing and widespread application of foundation models in healthcare. This survey also identifies emerging and promising directions in this field for future development. We believe that this survey will enhance the community's comprehension of the current progress of HFM and serve as a valuable source of guidance for future development in this field. The latest HFM papers and related resources are maintained on our website: https://github.com/YutingHe-list/Awesome-Foundation-Models-for-Advancing-Healthcare.

翻译：基石模型（Foundation Model）通过在大规模数据上进行预训练，能够适应广泛的任务，正在推动医疗健康领域的发展。它促进了医疗健康人工智能（AI）模型的开发，打破了有限AI模型与多样化医疗实践之间的矛盾。更多医疗健康场景将受益于医疗健康基石模型（HFM）的发展，从而提升其先进智能医疗服务水平。尽管HFM即将广泛部署，但目前对其在医疗健康领域的工作机制、当前面临的挑战以及未来发展方向仍缺乏清晰的认识。为解答这些问题，本综述对HFM的挑战、机遇与未来方向进行了全面且深入的探讨。首先，本文对HFM进行了全面概述，涵盖方法、数据与应用，以便快速了解当前进展。随后，深入探讨了在构建及广泛部署医疗健康基石模型时，数据、算法与计算基础设施方面存在的挑战。本综述还指出了该领域未来发展的新兴与有前途的方向。我们相信，本综述将加深学界对HFM当前进展的理解，并为该领域的未来发展提供有价值的指导。最新的HFM论文及相关资源维护在以下网站：https://github.com/YutingHe-list/Awesome-Foundation-Models-for-Advancing-Healthcare。