As virtual reality (VR) systems become increasingly more advanced, they are likewise expected to respond intelligently and adapt to individual user states, abilities, and preferences. Recent work has explored how VR can be adapted and tailored to individual users. However, existing reviews tend to address either user-state sensing or adaptive interaction design in isolation, limiting our understanding of their combined implementation in VR. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the growing research on personalized interaction in VR, with a particular focus on utilizing participants' immersion information and adaptation mechanisms to modify virtual environments and enhance engagement, performance, or a specific goal. We synthesize findings from studies that employ adaptive techniques across diverse application domains and summarize a five-stage conceptual framework that unifies adaptive mechanisms across domains. Our analysis reveals emerging trends, including the integration of multimodal sensors, an increasing reliance on user state inference, and the challenge of balancing responsiveness with transparency. We conclude by proposing future directions for developing more user-centered VR systems.

翻译：随着虚拟现实（VR）系统日益先进，人们同样期望其能够智能地响应并适应个体用户的状态、能力与偏好。近期研究已探索了如何针对个体用户对VR进行适配与定制。然而，现有综述往往孤立地探讨用户状态感知或自适应交互设计，限制了我们对其在VR中协同实施的理解。因此，本文审视了VR中个性化交互领域不断增长的研究，特别关注如何利用参与者的沉浸信息与适应机制来修改虚拟环境，以提升参与度、性能或达成特定目标。我们综合了跨不同应用领域采用自适应技术的研究成果，并总结出一个统一各领域适应机制的五阶段概念框架。分析揭示了新兴趋势，包括多模态传感器的整合、对用户状态推断日益增长的依赖，以及在响应性与透明度之间取得平衡的挑战。最后，我们为开发更以用户为中心的VR系统提出了未来研究方向。