To assess the impact of clutter on egocentric distance perception, we performed a mixed-design study with 60 participants in four different virtual environments (VEs) with three levels of clutter. Additionally, we compared the indoor/outdoor VE characteristics and the HMD's FOV. The participants wore a backpack computer and a wide FOV head-mounted display (HMD) as they blind-walked towards three distinct targets at distances of 3m, 4.5m, and 6m. The HMD's field of view (FOV) was programmatically limited to 165{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}, 110{\deg}$\times$110{\deg}, or 45{\deg}$\times$35{\deg}. The results showed that increased clutter in the environment led to more precise distance judgment and less underestimation, independent of the FOV. In comparison to outdoor VEs, indoor VEs showed more accurate distance judgment. Additionally, participants made more accurate judgements while looking at the VEs through wider FOVs.

翻译：为评估杂波对自我中心距离感知的影响，我们开展了一项包含60名参与者的混合设计研究，在四种不同虚拟环境（VEs）中设置了三种杂波等级。此外，我们还比较了室内/室外VE特征及头戴式显示器（HMD）视场角（FOV）的影响。参与者佩戴背包式计算机和大视场角头戴式显示器，以盲走方式朝向三个不同目标（距离分别为3米、4.5米和6米）行进。头戴式显示器的视场角通过程序设定为165°×110°、110°×110°或45°×35°。结果表明，环境杂波增加会导致更精确的距离判断和更少的低估现象，且该结果与视场角无关。与室外VE相比，室内VE中的距离判断更准确。此外，参与者通过更宽视场角观察VE时，其判断准确性也更高。