External skills provide domain procedures without parameter updates, but existing methods often edit skills directly from failed rollouts without structured routing from an observed failure to an editable location; existing skill graphs also underuse semantic boundaries, object addresses, and topological dependencies for skill retrieval, targeted updating, and scoped validation. We introduce SkillAA (Skill Abductive Attribution), a structured skill-optimization framework for frozen language models. It represents skill applicability, execution, and composition in a unified graph, allowing the same structure to support skill selection, attribution-guided repair, and update validation. SkillAA contrasts successful and failed executions to route candidate repairs to specific graph objects, updates only the selected local structure, and uses Local and Big Gates to screen candidate changes before commitment. With gpt-5.6-sol, SkillAA reaches 81.5%, 66.7%, and 91.2% on SearchQA, LiveMath, and DocVQA, respectively, and attains the highest observed mean in every main setting. These results support the utility of attribution-guided graph editing and graph-scoped validation.

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