AI-enabled synthetic biology has tremendous potential but also significantly increases biorisks and brings about a new set of dual use concerns. The picture is complicated given the vast innovations envisioned to emerge by combining emerging technologies, as AI-enabled synthetic biology potentially scales up bioengineering into industrial biomanufacturing. However, the literature review indicates that goals such as maintaining a reasonable scope for innovation, or more ambitiously to foster a huge bioeconomy don't necessarily contrast with biosafety, but need to go hand in hand. This paper presents a literature review of the issues and describes emerging frameworks for policy and practice that transverse the options of command-and control, stewardship, bottom-up, and laissez-faire governance. How to achieve early warning systems that enable prevention and mitigation of future AI-enabled biohazards from the lab, from deliberate misuse, or from the public realm, will constantly need to evolve, and adaptive, interactive approaches should emerge. Although biorisk is subject to an established governance regime, and scientists generally adhere to biosafety protocols, even experimental, but legitimate use by scientists could lead to unexpected developments. Recent advances in chatbots enabled by generative AI have revived fears that advanced biological insight can more easily get into the hands of malignant individuals or organizations. Given these sets of issues, society needs to rethink how AI-enabled synthetic biology should be governed. The suggested way to visualize the challenge at hand is whack-a-mole governance, although the emerging solutions are perhaps not so different either.

翻译：人工智能赋能合成生物学具有巨大潜力，但也显著增加了生物风险并带来一系列新的双重用途担忧。鉴于人工智能赋能合成生物学可能通过融合新兴技术实现大规模生物工程向工业生物制造的扩展，其所设想的众多创新使情况变得复杂。然而，文献综述表明，维持合理的创新范围，或更雄心勃勃地推动庞大生物经济的目标，并非必然与生物安全相冲突，而是需要并行推进。本文对该问题进行了文献综述，并描述了跨越命令控制、托管、自下而上及自由放任治理等选项的新兴政策与实践框架。如何建立早期预警系统以实现预防和减轻未来实验室、蓄意滥用或公共领域中人工智能引发的生物危害，将需要不断演进，并应涌现自适应性、交互式的方法。尽管生物风险受既有治理体系约束，且科学家通常遵守生物安全协议，但即使是科学家的实验性、合法使用也可能导致意外发展。近期生成式人工智能驱动的聊天机器人技术进步，重新引发了关于高级生物学洞察更容易落入恶意个人或组织手中的担忧。鉴于这些问题，社会需要重新思考如何治理人工智能赋能合成生物学。建议将当前挑战形象化为“打地鼠式治理”，不过新兴解决方案或许也与之并无太大差异。