We present an efficient B-spline finite element method (FEM) for cloth simulation. While higher-order FEM has long promised higher accuracy, its adoption in cloth simulators has been limited by its larger computational costs while generating results with similar visual quality. Our contribution is a full algorithmic pipeline that makes cloth simulation using quadratic B-spline surfaces faster than standard linear FEM in practice while consistently improving accuracy and visual fidelity. Using quadratic B-spline basis functions, we obtain a globally $C^1$-continuous displacement field that supports consistent discretization of both membrane and bending energies, effectively reducing locking artifacts and mesh dependence common to linear elements. To close the performance gap, we introduce a reduced integration scheme that separately optimizes quadrature rules for membrane and bending energies, an accelerated Hessian assembly procedure tailored to the spline structure, and an optimized linear solver based on partial factorization. Together, these optimizations make high-order, smooth cloth simulation competitive at scale, yielding an average $2\times$ speedup over linear FEM in our tests. Extensive experiments demonstrate improved accuracy, wrinkle detail, and robustness, including contact-rich scenarios, relative to linear FEM and recent higher-order approaches. Our method enables realistic wrinkling dynamics across a wide range of material parameters and supports practical garment animation, providing a new promising spatial discretization for high-quality cloth simulation.

翻译：我们提出了一种高效的B样条有限元方法（FEM）用于布料模拟。虽然高阶有限元长期承诺更高的精度，但其在布料模拟器中的应用受到限制，因为它在生成视觉质量相似的结果时计算成本更高。我们的贡献是一套完整的算法流程，使得使用二次B样条曲面进行布料模拟在实践中比标准线性有限元更快，同时持续提高精度和视觉保真度。利用二次B样条基函数，我们获得了全局$C^1$连续的位移场，支持膜能和弯曲能的一致性离散化，有效减少了线性单元常见的锁定伪影和网格依赖性。为了缩小性能差距，我们引入了一种简化的积分方案，分别优化膜能和弯曲能的求积规则；一种针对样条结构定制的加速海森矩阵组装过程；以及一种基于部分分解的优化线性求解器。这些优化共同使高阶、光滑的布料模拟在规模上具有竞争力，在我们的测试中平均比线性有限元快$2$倍。大量实验表明，与线性有限元和最近的高阶方法相比，我们的方法在精度、褶皱细节和鲁棒性（包括接触丰富的场景）方面均有提升。我们的方法能够在广泛的材料参数范围内实现逼真的褶皱动力学，并支持实用的服装动画，为高质量布料模拟提供了一种有前景的空间离散化新方案。