The Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator (SOSA) ontology provides a formal but lightweight general-purpose specification for modeling the interaction between the entities involved in the acts of observation, actuation, and sampling. SOSA is the result of rethinking the W3C-XG Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology based on changes in scope and target audience, technical developments, and lessons learned over the past years. SOSA also acts as a replacement of SSN's Stimulus Sensor Observation (SSO) core. It has been developed by the first joint working group of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) on \emph{Spatial Data on the Web}. In this work, we motivate the need for SOSA, provide an overview of the main classes and properties, and briefly discuss its integration with the new release of the SSN ontology as well as various other alignments to specifications such as OGC's Observations and Measurements (O\&M), Dolce-Ultralite (DUL), and other prominent ontologies. We will also touch upon common modeling problems and application areas related to publishing and searching observation, sampling, and actuation data on the Web. The SOSA ontology and standard can be accessed at \url{https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/}.

翻译：传感器、观测、抽样和动画家(SOSA)的肿瘤学提供了一种正式但轻量的通用规格,用于模拟参与观察、促动和取样行为的实体之间的互动。SOSA是重新思考W3C-XG Smantic Sensor网络(SSN)的肿瘤学的结果,其基础是范围和目标受众的变化、技术发展和过去几年的经验教训。SOSA还取代了SSN的模拟传感器观测核心。它是由开放地理空间联合会(OGC)和万维网联合会(W3C)的第一个联合工作组制定的。在这项工作中,我们提出对W3C-XG Smantitic Sensor Sensor网络(SSN)的肿瘤学需要,概述主要课程和特性,并简要讨论它与SSN的新的发布以及诸如OGC的观测和测量(OQM)、Dolce-Ultraoaloals观测(DUL)以及共同触摸/Serbaliseralus标准应用领域和其他标准应用领域。