Quantum programs exhibit inherent non-deterministic behavior, which poses more significant challenges for error discovery compared to classical programs. While several testing methods have been proposed for quantum programs, they often overlook fundamental questions in black-box testing. In this paper, we bridge this gap by presenting three novel algorithms specifically designed to address the challenges of equivalence, identity, and unitarity checking in black-box testing of quantum programs. We also explore optimization techniques for these algorithms, including specialized versions for equivalence and unitarity checking, and provide valuable insights into parameter selection to maximize performance and effectiveness. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, we conducted comprehensive experimental evaluations, which demonstrate that our methods can rigorously perform equivalence, identity, and unitarity checking, offering robust support for black-box testing of quantum programs.

翻译：量子程序展现出固有的非确定性行为，这相较于经典程序为错误发现带来了更为严峻的挑战。尽管已有多种针对量子程序的测试方法被提出，但它们常常忽略了黑盒测试中的一些基本问题。本文通过提出三种专门设计的新算法来弥补这一空白，这些算法旨在应对量子程序黑盒测试中等价性、恒等性与幺正性检验的挑战。我们还探讨了这些算法的优化技术，包括针对等价性和幺正性检验的专用版本，并为参数选择提供了有价值的见解，以最大化性能和有效性。为了评估所提方法的有效性，我们进行了全面的实验评估，结果表明我们的方法能够严格地执行等价性、恒等性与幺正性检验，为量子程序的黑盒测试提供了强有力的支持。