Evaluating human exposure to environmental hazards is crucial for identifying susceptible communities and devising targeted health policies. Standard environmental hazard exposure assessment methods have been primarily based on place of residence, an approach which neglect individuals hazard exposures due to the daily life activities and mobility outside home neighborhood. To address this limitation, this study proposes a novel mobility-based index for hazard exposure evaluation. Using large-scale and fine-grained human mobility data, we quantify the extent of population dwell time in high-environmental-hazard places in 239 U.S. counties for three major environmental hazards: air pollution, heat, and toxic sites. Subsequently we explore the extent to which human mobility extends the reach of environmental hazards and also lead to the emergence of latent exposure for populations living outside high hazard areas with relatively considerable dwell time in high hazard areas. The findings help quantify environmental hazard exposure more reliably, considering the role of human mobility and activities. The interplay of spatial clustering in high-hazard regions and human movement trends creates environmental hazard traps intensifying exposure. Poor and ethnic minority residents disproportionately face multiple types of environmental hazards, aggravating potential health impacts. This data-driven evidence supports the severity of these injustices. We also studied latent exposure arising from visits outside residents' home areas, revealing millions population having 5% to10% of daily activities occur in high-exposure zones. Despite living in perceived safe areas, human mobility could expose millions of residents to different hazards. These findings provide crucial insights for targeted policies to mitigate these severe environmental injustices

翻译：评估人类对环境危害的暴露对于识别易感社区及制定针对性健康政策至关重要。标准环境危害暴露评估方法主要基于居住地，这种方式忽略了因日常活动及离开居住社区移动而产生的个体危害暴露。为克服这一局限，本研究提出了一种基于移动性的新型危害暴露评估指数。利用大规模、细粒度的人类移动数据，我们量化了美国239个县中人口在三个主要环境危害（空气污染、高温和有毒场所）高风险区域停留的时间比例。随后，我们探讨了人类移动在多大程度上延伸了环境危害的覆盖范围，以及导致居住在高危害区域之外但高频停留于此的人群产生潜在暴露。研究发现有助于更可靠地量化环境危害暴露，同时考虑人类移动与活动的作用。高危害区域的空间聚集与人类移动趋势的相互作用形成了环境危害陷阱，加剧了暴露程度。贫困与少数族裔居民不成比例地面临多种环境危害，潜在加重了健康影响。这一数据驱动的证据支持了这些不公正现象的严重性。我们还研究了因居民离开其居住区域活动而产生的潜在暴露，揭示数百万人每日活动中5%至10%发生在高暴露区域。尽管生活在被视为安全的区域，人类移动仍可能导致数百万居民暴露于不同危害。这些发现为制定缓解这些严重环境不公正问题的针对性政策提供了关键见解。