Factorial survey experiments are a survey method from the social sciences that uses descriptions of socially complex situation (``vignettes'') to elicit judgments such as social bias. They provide two major benefits: (a), they reduce the effect of social desirability inherent in self-reported social biases, and (b), they make it possible to separate the effects of multiple sociodemographic attributes. These aspects are also desiderata for the evaluation of social bias in LLMs, but are often ignored in social bias evaluations. In our study, we evaluate social bias in humans and eleven LLMs on the basis of four different English and German factorial survey experiments. Our results show that the LLMs mirror the human biases only partially and sometimes even invert them. We provide evidence that this is due to a fundamental difference in how humans and LLMs react to socially complex situations. While such vignettes reduce social desirability bias in humans, this is not the case for LLMs, where the alignment-induced tendency towards socially desirable responses carries over directly. We therefore caution against applying bias measurement techniques from the social sciences that were developed for human to measure attitudes and bias in LLMs.

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