Thanks to the rapidly developing technology, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are able to complete a number of tasks in cooperation with each other without need for human intervention. In recent years, UAVs, which are widely utilized in military missions, have begun to be deployed in civilian applications and mostly for commercial purposes. With their growing numbers and range of applications, UAVs are becoming more and more popular; on the other hand, they are also the target of various threats which can exploit various vulnerabilities of UAV systems in order to cause destructive effects. It is therefore critical that security is ensured for UAVs and the networks that provide communication between UAVs. This survey seeks to provide a comprehensive perspective on security within the domain of UAVs and Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). Our approach incorporates attack surface analysis and aligns it with the identification of potential threats. Additionally, we discuss countermeasures proposed in the existing literature in two categories: preventive and detection strategies. Our primary focus centers on the security challenges inherent to FANETs, acknowledging their susceptibility to insider threats due to their decentralized and dynamic nature. To provide a deeper understanding of these challenges, we simulate and analyze four distinct routing attacks on FANETs, using realistic parameters to evaluate their impact. Hence, this study transcends a standard review by integrating an attack analysis based on extensive simulations. Finally, we rigorously examine open issues, and propose research directions to guide future endeavors in this field.

翻译：得益于快速发展的技术，无人机能够在无需人工干预的情况下相互协作完成多项任务。近年来，广泛应用于军事任务的无人机已开始部署于民用领域，且主要用于商业目的。随着无人机数量和应用范围的不断增长，其普及度日益提高；另一方面，无人机也成为各类威胁的目标，这些威胁可利用无人机系统的多种漏洞造成破坏性影响。因此，确保无人机及其通信网络的安全性至关重要。本综述旨在为无人机与飞行自组网领域的安全问题提供全面视角。我们的研究方法结合攻击面分析，并将其与潜在威胁识别相整合。此外，我们将现有文献中提出的防御措施分为两类进行讨论：预防策略与检测策略。我们主要关注FANET固有的安全挑战，并认识到其去中心化与动态特性使其易受内部威胁的影响。为深入理解这些挑战，我们通过仿真分析了四种针对FANET的路由攻击，采用真实参数评估其影响。因此，本研究通过整合基于大规模仿真的攻击分析，超越了传统综述的范畴。最后，我们系统审视了该领域的开放性问题，并提出未来研究方向以引导本领域的后续探索。