The research on the sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications for the development of future mobile communication networks has been officially launched around the world. 6G networks face multifarious challenges, such as resource-constrained mobile devices, difficult wireless resource management, high complexity of heterogeneous network architectures, explosive computing and storage requirements, privacy and security threats. To address these challenges, deploying blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in 6G networks may realize new breakthroughs in advancing network performances in terms of security, privacy, efficiency, cost, and more. In this paper, we provide a detailed survey of existing works on the application of blockchain and AI to 6G wireless communications. More specifically, we start with a brief overview of blockchain and AI. Then, we mainly review the recent advances in the fusion of blockchain and AI, and highlight the inevitable trend of deploying both blockchain and AI in wireless communications. Furthermore, we extensively explore integrating blockchain and AI for wireless communication systems, involving secure services and Internet of Things (IoT) smart applications. Particularly, some of the most talked-about key services based on blockchain and AI are introduced, such as spectrum management, computation allocation, content caching, and security and privacy. Moreover, we also focus on some important IoT smart applications supported by blockchain and AI, covering smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart grid, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We also analyze the open issues and research challenges for the joint deployment of blockchain and AI in 6G wireless communications. Lastly, based on lots of existing meaningful works, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of blockchain and AI in 6G networks.

翻译：第六代（6G）无线通信技术的研究，作为未来移动通信网络发展的方向，已在全球范围内正式启动。6G网络面临诸多挑战，例如资源受限的移动设备、无线资源管理的困难、异构网络架构的高复杂性、爆炸性的计算与存储需求，以及隐私与安全威胁。为应对这些挑战，在6G网络中部署区块链与人工智能可能实现安全性、隐私性、效率、成本等方面的网络性能突破。本文对现有关于区块链和人工智能在6G无线通信中应用的研究进行了详细综述。具体而言，我们首先简要概述了区块链和人工智能的基本概念。接着，主要回顾了区块链与人工智能融合的最新进展，并强调了在无线通信中同时部署区块链与人工智能的必然趋势。此外，我们广泛探讨了将区块链与人工智能集成到无线通信系统中的方式，涵盖安全服务和物联网智能应用。特别是，介绍了基于区块链和人工智能的一些最受关注的关键服务，如频谱管理、计算分配、内容缓存以及安全与隐私。同时，我们也关注了由区块链和人工智能支持的一些重要物联网智能应用，包括智慧医疗、智慧交通、智能电网和无人机。我们还分析了在6G无线通信中联合部署区块链与人工智能的开放性问题与研究挑战。最后，基于大量现有有意义的工作，本文旨在提供关于区块链和人工智能在6G网络中应用的全面综述。