We present a framework of dark patterns grounded in user expectations. In contrast to prior approaches that treat design techniques as inherently either good or bad, we analyze mismatched user expectations for application behavior using concepts -- reusable units of functionality that users encounter across applications. We define a design as dark when its concepts violate users' expectations, and benefit the provider of the application at the user's expense. Though user expectations can differ, leading to subjective perceptions of the ethics of an interface, users tend to develop common expectations as they encounter the same concepts repeatedly across multiple applications. This reuse results in users having shared expectations of concept functionality, which we can record as standard concepts. Through case studies, we illustrate how concept analysis helps designers identify, compare, and resolve dark patterns. We suggest a shift away from dark pattern taxonomies toward more systematic, actionable accounts of interface design ethics

翻译：我们提出一个以用户期望为基点的暗黑模式框架。与将设计技术本质视为非善即恶的既有方法不同，我们运用"概念"——用户在不同应用中反复遭遇的可复用功能单元，分析应用行为与用户期望之间的错位。我们将设计定义为暗黑模式当且仅当：其概念违背用户期望，且以损害用户利益为代价使应用提供方获益。尽管用户期望可能存在差异，导致对界面伦理产生主观认知，但当用户在不同应用中反复遭遇相同概念时，往往会形成共同期望。这种复用性导致用户对概念功能产生共享认知，我们可将其记录为标准概念。通过案例研究，我们阐释了概念分析如何帮助设计师识别、比较并解决暗黑模式。我们建议将研究重心从暗黑模式分类学转向更系统化、更具操作性的界面设计伦理论述。