The modern power grid increasingly depends on advanced information and communication technology (ICT) systems to enhance performance and reliability through real-time monitoring, intelligent control, and bidirectional communication. However, ICT integration also exposes the grid to cyber-threats. Load altering attacks (LAAs), which use botnets of high-wattage devices to manipulate load profiles, are a notable threat to grid stability. While previous research has examined LAAs, their specific impact on load frequency control (LFC), critical for maintaining nominal frequency during load fluctuations, still needs to be explored. Even minor frequency deviations can jeopardize grid operations. This study bridges the gap by analyzing LAA effects on LFC through simulations of static and dynamic scenarios using Python and RTDS. The results highlight LAA impacts on frequency stability and present an eigenvalue-based stability assessment for dynamic LAAs (DLAAs), identifying key parameters influencing grid resilience.

翻译：现代电网日益依赖先进的信息与通信技术（ICT）系统，通过实时监测、智能控制与双向通信来提升性能与可靠性。然而，ICT的融合也使电网面临网络威胁。负载篡改攻击（LAAs）利用高功率设备组成的僵尸网络操控负荷曲线，对电网稳定性构成显著威胁。尽管已有研究探讨了LAAs，但其对负荷频率控制（LFC）的具体影响——LFC在负荷波动期间维持额定频率至关重要——仍需深入探究。即使微小的频率偏差也可能危及电网运行。本研究通过Python与RTDS对静态及动态场景进行仿真，分析了LAA对LFC的影响，从而填补了这一研究空白。研究结果揭示了LAA对频率稳定性的影响，并提出了一种基于特征值的动态负载篡改攻击（DLAAs）稳定性评估方法，识别出影响电网韧性的关键参数。