Uncooperative unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) pose emerging threats to critical infrastructure and border protection by operating as rogue user equipment (UE) within cellular networks, consuming resources, creating interference, and potentially violating restricted airspaces. This paper presents minimal features of the operating space, yet an end-to-end simulation framework to analyze detect-to-mitigate latency of such intrusions in a hybrid terrestrial-non-terrestrial (LEO satellite) 5G system. The system model includes terrestrial gNBs, satellite backhaul (with stochastic outages), and a detection logic (triggered by handover instability and signal quality variance). A lockdown mechanism is invoked upon detection, with optional local fallback to cap mitigation delays. Monte Carlo sweeps across UAV altitudes, speeds, and satellite outage rates yield several insights. First, satellite backhaul outages can cause arbitrarily long mitigation delays, yet, to meet fallback deadlines, they need to be effectively bounded. Second, while handover instability was hypothesized, our results show that extra handovers have a negligible effect within the range of parameters we considered. The main benefit of resilience from fallback comes from the delay in limiting mitigation. Third, patrol UEs experience negligible collateral impact, with handover rates close to terrestrial baselines. Stress scenarios further highlight that fallback is indispensable in preventing extreme control-plane and physical security vulnerabilities: Without fallback, prolonged outages in the satellite backhaul delay lockdown commands, allowing rogue UAVs to linger inside restricted corridors for several seconds longer. These results underscore the importance of complementing non-terrestrial links with local control to ensure robust and timely response against uncooperative UAV intrusions.

翻译：非合作无人机作为蜂窝网络中的恶意用户设备，通过占用资源、制造干扰及可能侵入限制空域，对关键基础设施和边境保护构成新兴威胁。本文提出一种操作空间最小特征集，并构建端到端仿真框架，用于分析混合地面-非地面（低轨卫星）5G系统中此类入侵的检测到缓解时延。系统模型包含地面gNB基站、卫星回程链路（含随机中断）及检测逻辑（由切换不稳定性和信号质量方差触发）。检测到入侵后启动锁定机制，并可选本地回退方案以控制缓解时延。通过对无人机高度、速度和卫星中断率的蒙特卡洛扫描，获得以下发现：首先，卫星回程中断可能导致任意长的缓解延迟，但为满足回退时限，需对其有效约束；其次，尽管假设切换不稳定性是主要因素，但结果表明在参数范围内额外切换的影响可忽略不计；回退弹性的主要效益源于其对缓解时延的限制作用。第三，巡逻用户设备所受附带影响可忽略，其切换率接近地面基线水平。压力场景进一步表明，回退机制对防止极端控制面与物理安全漏洞不可或缺：若无回退机制，卫星回程的持续中断将延迟锁定指令下达，导致恶意无人机在限制空域多停留数秒。这些结果凸显了通过本地控制补充非地面链路，以确保对非合作无人机入侵作出强健及时响应的重要性。