National governments are increasingly adopting blockchain to enhance transparency, trust, and efficiency in public service delivery. However, evidence on how these technologies are governed across national contexts remains fragmented and overly focused on technical features. Using Polycentric Governance Theory, this study conducts a systematic review of peer-reviewed research published between 2021 and 2025 to examine blockchain-enabled public services and the institutional, organizational, and information-management factors shaping their adoption. Following PRISMA guidelines, we synthesize findings from major digital government and information systems databases to identify key application domains, including digital identity, electronic voting, procurement, and social services, and analyze the governance arrangements underpinning these initiatives. Our analysis reveals that blockchain adoption is embedded within polycentric environments characterized by distributed authority, inter-organizational coordination, and layered accountability. Rather than adopting full decentralization, governments typically utilize hybrid and permissioned designs that allow for selective decentralization alongside centralized oversight, a pattern we conceptualize as "controlled polycentricity." By reframing blockchain as a governance infrastructure that encodes rules for coordination and information-sharing, this study advances digital government theory beyond simple adoption metrics. The findings offer theoretically grounded insights for researchers and practical guidance for policymakers seeking to design and scale sustainable blockchain-enabled public services.

翻译：各国政府正日益采用区块链技术以提升公共服务的透明度、信任度和效率。然而，关于这些技术在不同国家背景下的治理方式的证据仍然零散，且过度聚焦于技术特征。本研究运用多中心治理理论，对2021年至2025年间发表的同行评议研究进行了系统性综述，旨在考察区块链赋能的公共服务，以及影响其采纳的制度、组织和信息管理因素。遵循PRISMA指南，我们综合了主要数字政府和信息系统数据库中的研究成果，识别出包括数字身份、电子投票、采购和社会服务在内的关键应用领域，并分析了支撑这些举措的治理安排。我们的分析表明，区块链的采纳嵌入于以分布式权威、跨组织协调和分层问责为特征的多中心环境中。政府通常并非采用完全去中心化，而是利用混合型与许可型设计，在集中监管的同时实现有选择的去中心化——我们将这一模式概念化为“受控的多中心性”。通过将区块链重新定义为一种为协调与信息共享编码规则的治理基础设施，本研究将数字政府理论推进到超越简单采纳指标的层面。研究结果为学者提供了理论依据的见解，并为政策制定者设计和扩展可持续的区块链赋能公共服务提供了实践指导。