This study explores the crucial interplay between aggregators and building occupants in activating flexibility through Demand Response (DR) programs, with a keen focus on achieving robust decarbonization and fortifying the resilience of the energy system amidst the uncertainties presented by Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Firstly, it introduces a methodology of optimizing aggregated flexibility provision strategies in environments with limited data, utilizing Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) and clustering techniques to identify building occupant's activity patterns. Secondly, the study assesses the disaggregated flexibility provision of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems during DR events, employing machine learning and optimization techniques for precise, device-level analysis. The first approach offers a non-intrusive pathway for aggregators to provide flexibility services in environments of a single smart meter for the whole building's consumption, while the second approach carefully considers building occupants' thermal comfort profiles, while maximizing flexibility in case of existence of dedicated smart meters to the HVAC systems. Through the application of data-driven techniques and encompassing case studies from both industrial and residential buildings, this paper not only unveils pivotal opportunities for aggregators in the balancing and emerging flexibility markets but also successfully develops end-to-end practical tools for aggregators. Furthermore, the efficacy of this tool is validated through detailed case studies, substantiating its operational capability and contributing to the evolution of a resilient and efficient energy system.

翻译：本研究探讨了聚合商与建筑用户在通过需求响应（DR）计划激活灵活性方面的关键相互作用，重点聚焦于在可再生能源（RES）带来的不确定性下实现稳健脱碳并增强能源系统韧性。首先，研究提出了一种在数据有限环境中优化聚合灵活性供给策略的方法，利用离散傅里叶变换（DFT）和聚类技术识别建筑用户的活动模式。其次，研究评估了DR事件期间供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统的分解灵活性供给，采用机器学习和优化技术进行精确的设备级分析。第一种方法为聚合商提供了一条非侵入性路径，使其能够在仅拥有整栋建筑能耗的单个智能电表环境中提供灵活性服务；而第二种方法则在HVAC系统配备专用智能电表的情况下，充分考虑建筑用户的热舒适度特征，同时最大化灵活性。通过应用数据驱动技术并涵盖工业与住宅建筑的案例研究，本文不仅揭示了聚合商在平衡市场及新兴灵活性市场中的关键机遇，还成功开发了面向聚合商的端到端实用工具。此外，该工具的有效性通过详细案例研究得到验证，证实了其操作能力，并为构建韧性高效能源系统的演进做出了贡献。