The comparative analysis examined eleven Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus-based blockchain networks to assess their openness based on five indicative metrics. These metrics include those of decentralization-related aspects, such as the number of validators and capital concentration, and participation-related aspects, including entry capital requirements and economic network stability. This is to assess and characterize the openness of Proof-of-Stake blockchain networks. The analysis suggested that networks with higher openness included Solana and Avalanche, while BNB Chain, Klaytn, and Polygon measured with lower levels of openness. According to the comparative analysis, Ethereum scored high on network openness in terms of the number of participants and the cost of running the chain, but scored relatively low on capital concentration and staking ratio, which is likely due to the low ratio of staked ether (ETH) to circulating supply and the significant stakes in staking pools like Lido. Permissioned blockchains such as Klaytn and Polygon have limited openness, which suggests the need to take the level of openness into account when transitioning into a permissionless blockchain architecture with a more decentralized setting.

翻译：本比较研究分析了十一个基于权益证明（PoS）共识机制的区块链网络，通过五项指标评估其开放性。这些指标涵盖去中心化相关方面（如验证者数量与资本集中度）及参与相关方面（包括准入门槛资金要求与经济网络稳定性），旨在全面评估并刻画权益证明区块链网络的开放特性。分析结果显示，Solana和Avalanche具有较高的网络开放性，而BNB Chain、Klaytn及Polygon的开放性较低。在比较分析中，以太坊在参与者数量与链运行成本维度上获得较高开放性评分，但在资本集中度与质押比率方面得分相对较低——这主要源于其质押的以太币（ETH）与流通供应量之比偏低，以及Lido等质押池中大量份额的集中现象。Klaytn和Polygon等许可型区块链的开放性受限，表明其在向去中心化程度更高的非许可型区块链架构转型时，需充分考虑开放性水平这一关键因素。