The device fingerprinting technique extracts fingerprints based on the hardware characteristics of the device to identify the device. The primary goal of device fingerprinting is to accurately and uniquely identify a device, which requires the generated device fingerprints to have good stability to achieve long-term tracking of the target device. However, the fingerprints generated by some existing fingerprinting technologies are not stable enough or change frequently, making it impossible to track the target device for a long time. In this paper, we present FPHammer, a novel DRAM-based fingerprinting technique. The device fingerprint generated by our technique has high stability and can be used to track the device for a long time. We leverage the Rowhammer technique to repeatedly and quickly access a row in DRAM to get bit flips in its adjacent row. We then construct a physical fingerprint of the device based on the locations of the collected bit flips. The evaluation results of the uniqueness and reliability of the physical fingerprint show that it can be used to distinguish devices with the same hardware and software configuration. The experimental results on device identification demonstrate that the physical fingerprints engendered by our innovative technique are inherently linked to the entirety of the device rather than just the DRAM module. Even if the device modifies software-level parameters such as MAC address and IP address or even reinstalls the operating system, we can accurately identify the target device. This demonstrates that FPHammer can generate stable fingerprints that are not affected by software layer parameters.

翻译：设备指纹识别技术通过提取设备的硬件特征来生成指纹，从而识别该设备。设备指纹识别的主要目标是准确且唯一地标识一台设备，这就要求生成的设备指纹具有良好的稳定性，以实现对目标设备的长期跟踪。然而，现有一些指纹识别技术生成的指纹稳定性不足或频繁改变，导致无法长期追踪目标设备。本文提出了一种新型的基于DRAM的指纹识别技术——FPHammer。该技术生成的设备指纹具有高稳定性，可用于长期追踪设备。我们利用Rowhammer技术反复快速访问DRAM中的一行，从而在其相邻行中引发比特翻转。然后，根据收集到的比特翻转位置构建设备的物理指纹。对该物理指纹唯一性与可靠性的评估结果表明，它能够区分具有相同硬件和软件配置的设备。设备识别实验结果表明，我们创新技术产生的物理指纹本质上是与整个设备相关联的，而不仅仅是DRAM模块。即使设备修改了MAC地址、IP地址等软件层参数，甚至重装操作系统，我们也能准确识别目标设备。这表明FPHammer能够生成不受软件层参数影响的稳定指纹。