Traceability systems are important for solving problems due to the increasing scale of the global supply chain, such as food safety crises and market disorder. Blockchain, as an immutable and decentralized ledger, is able to optimize the traditional traceability system by ensuring the transparency and reliability of the system data. However, the use of blockchain technology may lead to a rapid increase in the complexity of system design and development. It is challenging to address widespread and complicated business, changeable processes, and massive data in practice, which are the main factors restricting the wide application of a blockchain-based traceability system (BTS). Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed relevant studies and proposed a reference architecture for BTSs. The proposed reference architecture can improve the cohesiveness, maintainability, and extensibility of BTSs through domain-driven design (DDD) and microservices. Considering the efficiency reduction caused by massive data and complicated data structure, we further changed the traditional single blockchain framework into multiple sub-chain networks, which could improve development efficiency and system performance. With the guidance of the architecture trade-off analysis method (ATAM), we evaluated our reference architecture and implemented a prototype in the salmon supply chain scenario. The results show that our solution is effective and adaptable to meet the requirements of BTSs.

翻译：追溯系统对于解决全球供应链规模扩大带来的食品安全危机、市场秩序混乱等问题具有重要意义。区块链作为一种不可篡改、去中心化的分布式账本技术，能够通过确保系统数据的透明性和可靠性来优化传统追溯系统。然而，区块链技术的应用可能导致系统设计与开发复杂度急剧上升。在实践中应对广泛复杂的业务场景、多变流程及海量数据极具挑战性，这些正是制约区块链追溯系统（BTS）广泛应用的主要因素。为此，本文通过梳理相关研究，提出了一种适用于BTS的参考架构。该参考架构通过领域驱动设计（DDD）与微服务技术，能够提升系统的内聚性、可维护性和可扩展性。针对海量数据及复杂数据结构导致的效率下降问题，我们进一步将传统单链架构改造为多子链网络结构，从而提升开发效率与系统性能。在架构权衡分析方法（ATAM）的指导下，我们对参考架构进行了评估，并在鲑鱼供应链场景中实现了原型系统。结果表明，本方案能够有效适配BTS的各项需求。