In the PoS blockchain landscape, the challenge of achieving full decentralization is often hindered by a disproportionate concentration of staked tokens among a few validators. This study analyses this challenge by first formalizing decentralization metrics for weighted consensus mechanisms. An empirical analysis across ten permissionless blockchains uncovers significant weight concentration among validators, underscoring the need for an equitable approach. To counter this, we introduce the Square Root Stake Weight (SRSW) model, which effectively recalibrates staking weight distribution. Our examination of the SRSW model demonstrates notable improvements in the decentralization metrics: the Gini index improves by 37.16% on average, while Nakamoto coefficients for liveness and safety see mean enhancements of 101.04% and 80.09%, respectively. This research is a pivotal step toward a more fair and equitable distribution of staking weight, advancing the decentralization in blockchain consensus mechanisms.

翻译：在权益证明（PoS）区块链领域，实现完全去中心化面临的挑战常因质押代币集中于少数验证者而受阻。本研究通过首先形式化加权共识机制的去中心化度量指标来分析该挑战。针对十个无许可区块链的实证分析揭示了验证者间显著的权重集中现象，凸显了公平方法的必要性。为此，我们引入平方根质押权重（SRSW）模型，该模型能有效重新校准质押权重分布。对SRSW模型的检验表明，去中心化度量指标获得显著改善：基尼系数平均改善37.16%，而用于活跃度和安全性的中本系数分别获得101.04%和80.09%的平均提升。本研究是迈向更公平质押权重分配的关键一步，推动了区块链共识机制的去中心化进程。