Reconstructing natural visual experience from cortical population activity is a central challenge in neural decoding, particularly for calcium imaging, where signals are noisy, temporally filtered, and paired neural-video data are limited. Here we present Ca2REAL (Calcium Activity to Reconstruct Events, Appearance, and Layout), a neural-to-video framework that conditions a pretrained video diffusion model through separate layout and semantic controls derived from calcium activity. Using measured responses from 7,863 V1 neurons in one mouse, Ca2REAL reconstructed held-out natural-movie clips with 81.4% all-pairs stimulus-identification accuracy, with its clearest gains over deterministic baselines in perceptual and semantic measures. We further evaluated the framework in a stimulus-aligned virtual population of 116,705 neurons assembled from encoding-model-predicted responses across 11 independently recorded datasets. Perturbation and ablation analyses showed that reconstruction depends on distributed, stimulus-specific population structure, with layout and semantic pathways providing complementary spatial and identity information. Temporal analyses further showed improved preservation of semantic dynamics across reconstructed clips. These results show that large-scale cortical population activity constrains the spatial, semantic, and temporal structure of natural visual experience, providing a generative framework for high-fidelity neural reconstruction of dynamic visual scenes.

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