Interoperability has been a focus of attention over at least four decades, with the emergence of several interoperability types (or levels), diverse models, frameworks, and solutions, also as a result of a continuous effort from different domains. The current heterogeneity in technologies such as blockchain, IoT and new application domains such as Industry 4.0 brings not only new interaction possibilities but also challenges for interoperability. Moreover, confusion and ambiguity in the current understanding of interoperability types exist, hampering stakeholders' communication and decision making. This work presents an updated panorama of software-intensive systems interoperability with particular attention to its types. For this, we conducted a tertiary study that scrutinized 37 secondary studies published from 2012 to 2023, from which we found 36 interoperability types associated with 117 different definitions, besides 13 interoperability models and six frameworks in various domains. This panorama reveals that the concern with interoperability has migrated from technical to social-technical issues going beyond the software systems' boundary and still requiring solving many open issues. We also address the urgent actions and also potential research opportunities to leverage interoperability as a multidisciplinary research field to achieve low-coupled, cost-effective, and interoperable systems.

翻译：互操作性在过去至少四十年间一直是关注焦点，随着不同领域的持续努力，涌现出多种互操作性类型（或层级）、多样化模型、框架及解决方案。当前区块链、物联网等技术的异构性以及工业4.0等新应用领域不仅带来了新的交互可能性，也为互操作性带来了挑战。此外，当前对互操作性类型的理解存在混淆和歧义，阻碍了利益相关方的沟通与决策。本研究呈现了软件密集型系统互操作性的最新全景，特别关注其类型。为此，我们开展了一项三级研究，详细审查了2012年至2023年间发表的37项二级研究，从中发现36种互操作性类型及其对应的117种不同定义，以及跨多个领域的13种互操作性模型和6种框架。这一全景揭示了互操作性的关注点已从技术问题迁移至社会技术问题，超越了软件系统的边界，且仍有诸多开放问题待解决。我们还指出了将互操作性作为多学科研究领域以构建低耦合、高性价比且可互操作系统的紧迫行动与潜在研究机遇。