A consensus mechanism is proposed to facilitate radio spectrum sharing with accountability in a network of multiple operators, a subset of which may even be adversarial. A distributed ledger is used to securely record and keep track of the state of consensus on spectrum usage, including interference incidents and the corresponding responsible parties. A key challenge is that the operators generally do not have initial agreement due to noise in their analog measurements. To meet this challenge, two categories of spectrum-sharing solutions are studied in detail. The first category employs an exact Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) agreement model; the second category utilizes an approximate BFT agreement model. This paper also delves into the application of consensus protocols to the specific context of low Earth orbit (LEO) non-geostationary satellite networks, also known as mega-constellations.

翻译：本文提出一种共识机制，用于在多运营商网络（其中部分运营商可能具有对抗性）中以可问责的方式促进无线电频谱共享。采用分布式账本安全记录并追踪频谱使用共识状态，包括干扰事件及相应责任方。核心挑战在于：由于模拟测量存在噪声，运营商之间通常缺乏初始共识。为应对这一挑战，本文详细研究了两类频谱共享方案：第一类采用精确拜占庭容错（BFT）共识模型，第二类采用近似BFT共识模型。本文还深入探讨了共识协议在低地球轨道（LEO）非静止轨道卫星网络（又称巨型星座）中的具体应用。