This scoping review examines the broad applications, risks, and ethical challenges associated with Extended Reality (XR) technologies, including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR), within the context of Metaverse. XR is revolutionizing fields such as immersive learning in education, medical and professional training, neuropsychological assessment, therapeutic interventions, arts, entertainment, retail, e-commerce, remote work, sports, architecture, urban planning, and cultural heritage preservation. The integration of multimodal technologies such as haptics, eye-tracking, face- and body-tracking, and brain-computer interfaces, enhances user engagement and interactivity, playing a key role in shaping the immersive experiences in the Metaverse. However, XR's expansion raises serious concerns, including data privacy risks, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, cybersickness, addiction, dissociation, harassment, bullying, and misinformation. These psychological, social, and security challenges are further complicated by intense advertising, manipulation of public opinion, and social inequality, which could disproportionately affect vulnerable individuals and social groups. This review emphasizes the urgent need for robust ethical frameworks and regulatory guidelines to address these risks while promoting equitable access, privacy, autonomy, and mental well-being. As XR technologies increasingly integrate with artificial intelligence, responsible governance is essential to ensure the safe and beneficial development of the Metaverse and the broader application of XR in enhancing human development.

翻译：本文通过范围综述方法，系统考察了扩展现实（XR）技术——包括虚拟现实（VR）、增强现实（AR）和混合现实（MR）——在元宇宙背景下的广泛应用、潜在风险与伦理挑战。XR技术正在深刻变革诸多领域，如教育中的沉浸式学习、医疗与职业培训、神经心理评估、治疗干预、艺术娱乐、零售电商、远程办公、体育运动、建筑规划及文化遗产保护等。触觉反馈、眼动追踪、面部与身体追踪、脑机接口等多模态技术的融合，显著提升了用户参与度和交互性，对构建元宇宙中的沉浸式体验起着关键作用。然而，XR技术的扩张也引发了严重关切，包括数据隐私风险、网络安全漏洞、晕动症、成瘾性、现实感丧失、骚扰欺凌及虚假信息传播等问题。这些心理、社会与安全挑战在密集广告投放、舆论操纵和社会不平等等因素影响下更趋复杂，可能对弱势个体和社会群体造成不成比例的影响。本综述强调亟需建立坚实的伦理框架与监管准则，以应对这些风险，同时促进公平访问、隐私保护、自主权维护和心理健康福祉。随着XR技术与人工智能日益融合，实施负责任治理对于保障元宇宙的安全有益发展，以及推动XR技术在促进人类发展方面的更广泛应用至关重要。