Markerless Human Pose Estimation (HPE) proved its potential to support decision making and assessment in many fields of application. HPE is often preferred to traditional marker-based Motion Capture systems due to the ease of setup, portability, and affordable cost of the technology. However, the exploitation of HPE in biomedical applications is still under investigation. This review aims to provide an overview of current biomedical applications of HPE. In this paper, we examine the main features of HPE approaches and discuss whether or not those features are of interest to biomedical applications. We also identify those areas where HPE is already in use and present peculiarities and trends followed by researchers and practitioners. We include here 25 approaches to HPE and more than 40 studies of HPE applied to motor development assessment, neuromuscolar rehabilitation, and gait & posture analysis. We conclude that markerless HPE offers great potential for extending diagnosis and rehabilitation outside hospitals and clinics, toward the paradigm of remote medical care.

翻译：无标记人体姿态估计（HPE）已在多个应用领域展现出支持决策与评估的潜力。相较于传统基于标记的动作捕捉系统，HPE因设置简便、便携性强且成本可负担而更受青睐。然而，HPE在生物医学领域的应用仍处于探索阶段。本综述旨在概述HPE当前在生物医学中的应用情况。本文分析了HPE方法的主要特征，并探讨这些特征是否契合生物医学应用的需求。我们识别出HPE已实际应用的领域，并总结了研究人员与从业者所采用的研究特点及发展趋势。本文涵盖25种HPE方法及超过40项关于HPE在运动发育评估、神经肌肉康复、步态与姿态分析中的研究。结论表明，无标记HPE为将诊断与康复从医院和诊所延伸至远程医疗模式提供了巨大潜力。