People are known to judge artificial intelligence using a utilitarian moral philosophy and humans using a moral philosophy emphasizing perceived intentions. But why do people judge humans and machines differently? Psychology suggests that people may have different mind perception models of humans and machines, and thus, will treat human-like robots more similarly to the way they treat humans. Here we present a randomized experiment where we manipulated people's perception of machine agency (e.g., ability to plan, act) and experience (e.g., ability to feel) to explore whether people judge machines that are perceived to be more similar to humans along these two dimensions more similarly to the way they judge humans. We find that people's judgments of machines become more similar to that of humans when they perceive machines as having more agency but not more experience. Our findings indicate that people's use of different moral philosophies to judge humans and machines can be explained by a progression of mind perception models where the perception of agency plays a prominent role. These findings add to the body of evidence suggesting that people's judgment of machines becomes more similar to that of humans motivating further work on dimensions modulating people's judgment of human and machine actions.

翻译：众所周知，人们倾向于以功利主义道德哲学评判人工智能，而以强调感知意图的道德哲学评判人类。但为何人们对人类与机器的评判存在差异？心理学研究表明，人类对人与机器的心智感知模型不同，因此会对类人机器人表现出更接近对待人类的方式。本文通过一项随机实验，通过操控受试者对机器能动性（如规划、行动能力）和体验（如感受能力）的感知，探究当机器在这两个维度上更接近人类时，人们对机器的评判是否会更趋近于对人类的评判。研究发现，当受试者感知机器具有更强能动性（而非体验性）时，人们对机器的评判与对人类评判的相似度显著提升。研究结果表明，人类采用不同道德哲学评判人与机器的现象，可通过心智感知模型的演进得到解释——其中能动性感知发挥着主导作用。这些发现进一步证实，人们对机器的评判正逐渐趋同于对人类评判，为探索调节人类与机器行为评判的维度提供了新的研究动力。