Data uncertainties, such as sensor noise, occlusions or limitations in the acquisition method can introduce irreducible ambiguities in images, which result in varying, yet plausible, semantic hypotheses. In Machine Learning, this ambiguity is commonly referred to as aleatoric uncertainty. In image segmentation, latent density models can be utilized to address this problem. The most popular approach is the Probabilistic U-Net (PU-Net), which uses latent Normal densities to optimize the conditional data log-likelihood Evidence Lower Bound. In this work, we demonstrate that the PU-Net latent space is severely sparse and heavily under-utilized. To address this, we modify the training objective to introduce the entropy-regularized Sinkhorn Divergence in the latent space, which promotes homogeneity across all latent dimensions, effectively improving gradient-descent updates and latent space informativeness. Applied to public datasets of various clinical segmentation problems, our proposed methodology achieves the best Empirical Wasserstein Distance on every dataset compared against preceding latent variable models for probabilistic segmentation. The results indicate that encouraging a homogeneous latent space significantly improves latent density modeling for medical image segmentation.

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