Benchmarks are used for testing new optimization algorithms and their variants to evaluate their performance. Most existing benchmarks are smooth functions. This chapter introduces ten new benchmarks with different properties, including noise, discontinuity, parameter estimation and unknown paths.

翻译：基准测试用于检验新型优化算法及其变体，以评估其性能。现有基准多数为光滑函数。本章引入十项具有不同特性的新基准，涵盖噪声、不连续性、参数估计及未知路径等特征。