Large loads are expanding rapidly across North America, led by data centers, cryptocurrency mining, hydrogen production facilities, and heavy-duty charging stations. Each class presents distinct electrical characteristics, but data centers are drawing particular attention as AI deployment drives unprecedented capacity growth. Their scale, duty cycles, and converter-dominated interfaces introduce new challenges for transmission interconnections, especially regarding disturbance behavior, steady-state performance, and operational visibility. This paper reviews best practices for large-load interconnections across North America, synthesizing utility and system operator guidelines into a coherent set of technical requirements. The approach combines handbook and manual analysis with cross-utility comparisons and an outlook on European directions. The review highlights requirements on power quality, telemetry, commissioning tests, and protection coordination, while noting gaps in ride-through specifications, load-variation management, and post-disturbance recovery targets. Building on these findings, the paper proposes practical guidance for developers and utilities.

翻译：在北美地区，以数据中心、加密货币挖矿、氢能生产设施和大功率充电站为主导的大型负荷正快速扩张。各类负荷呈现出不同的电气特性，其中数据中心因人工智能部署推动的容量激增而受到特别关注。其规模、工作周期以及以变流器为主导的接口特性，给输电并网带来了新的挑战，特别是在扰动行为、稳态性能和运行可视性方面。本文系统梳理了北美地区大型负荷并网的最佳实践，将电力公司与系统运营商的指导准则整合为一套完整的技术要求体系。研究方法结合了手册分析、人工解析、跨电力公司比较以及欧洲发展方向的展望。综述重点阐述了电能质量、遥测技术、调试测试和保护配合等方面的要求，同时指出了在故障穿越规范、负荷波动管理和扰动后恢复目标等方面存在的空白。基于这些发现，本文为开发商和电力公司提出了实用指导建议。