Quantum programs exhibit inherent non-deterministic behavior, which poses more significant challenges for error discovery compared to classical programs. While several testing methods have been proposed for quantum programs, they often overlook fundamental questions in black-box testing. In this paper, we bridge this gap by presenting three novel algorithms specifically designed to address the challenges of equivalence, identity, and unitarity checking in black-box testing of quantum programs. We also explore optimization techniques for these algorithms, including specialized versions for equivalence and unitarity checking, and provide valuable insights into parameter selection to maximize performance and effectiveness. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, we conducted comprehensive experimental evaluations, which demonstrate that our methods can rigorously perform equivalence, identity, and unitarity checking, offering robust support for black-box testing of quantum programs.

翻译：量子程序表现出固有的非确定性行为，这相较于经典程序给错误发现带来了更大的挑战。尽管已有多种量子程序测试方法被提出，但它们往往忽略了黑盒测试中的基本问题。在本文中，我们通过提出三种专门用于解决量子程序黑盒测试中等价性、同一性与酉性检查挑战的新算法，填补了这一空白。我们还探讨了这些算法的优化技术，包括等价性和酉性检查的专用版本，并提供了关于参数选择的有价值见解，以最大化性能和有效性。为评估所提方法的有效性，我们进行了全面的实验评估，结果表明我们的方法能够严格执行等价性、同一性与酉性检查，为量子程序的黑盒测试提供了稳健支持。