Misinformation such as fake news and rumors is a serious threat on information ecosystems and public trust. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has great potential to reshape the landscape of combating misinformation. Generally, LLMs can be a double-edged sword in the fight. On the one hand, LLMs bring promising opportunities for combating misinformation due to their profound world knowledge and strong reasoning abilities. Thus, one emergent question is: how to utilize LLMs to combat misinformation? On the other hand, the critical challenge is that LLMs can be easily leveraged to generate deceptive misinformation at scale. Then, another important question is: how to combat LLM-generated misinformation? In this paper, we first systematically review the history of combating misinformation before the advent of LLMs. Then we illustrate the current efforts and present an outlook for these two fundamental questions respectively. The goal of this survey paper is to facilitate the progress of utilizing LLMs for fighting misinformation and call for interdisciplinary efforts from different stakeholders for combating LLM-generated misinformation.

翻译：虚假新闻与谣言等虚假信息对信息生态系统和公众信任构成严重威胁。大型语言模型（LLMs）的涌现为重塑虚假信息治理格局带来巨大潜力。总体而言，LLMs在反虚假信息斗争中扮演着双刃剑的角色。一方面，凭借深厚的世界知识与强大的推理能力，LLMs为虚假信息治理带来了光明前景。由此衍生出的关键问题是：如何利用LLMs打击虚假信息？另一方面，重大挑战在于LLMs可被轻易用于大规模生成具有欺骗性的虚假信息。由此引申出的另一重要问题是：如何应对LLMs生成的虚假信息？本文首先系统回顾了LLMs出现前的虚假信息治理历史，继而分别阐述当前应对上述两大根本问题的研究成果并提出展望。本综述旨在推动利用LLMs对抗虚假信息的进程，并呼吁不同利益相关方开展跨学科协作，共同应对LLMs生成的虚假信息。