Creating webpages requires generating content and arranging layout while iteratively refining both to achieve a coherent design, a process that can be challenging for blind individuals. To understand how blind designers navigate this process, we conducted two rounds of co-design sessions with blind participants, using design probes to elicit their strategies and support needs. Our findings reveal a preference for content and layout to co-evolve, but this process requires external support through cues that situate local elements within the broader page structure as well as multimodal interactions. Building on these insights, we developed TangibleSite, an accessible web design tool that provides real-time multimodal feedback through tangible, auditory, and speech-based interactions. TangibleSite enables blind individuals to create, edit, and reposition webpage elements while integrating content and layout decisions. A formative evaluation with six blind participants demonstrated that TangibleSite enabled independent webpage creation, supported refinement across content and layout, and reduced barriers to achieving visually consistent designs.

翻译：创建网页需要生成内容并安排布局，同时迭代优化两者以实现协调一致的设计，这一过程对盲人而言可能颇具挑战。为理解盲人设计师如何应对此过程，我们与盲人参与者开展了两轮协同设计会议，运用设计探针来获取其策略与支持需求。研究发现，参与者倾向于内容与布局协同演进，但此过程需要借助外部支持，包括定位局部元素于整体页面结构中的线索以及多模态交互。基于这些发现，我们开发了TangibleSite——一个通过实体、听觉及语音交互提供实时多模态反馈的无障碍网页设计工具。TangibleSite使盲人能够创建、编辑和重新定位网页元素，同时整合内容与布局决策。对六位盲人参与者的形成性评估表明，TangibleSite实现了独立网页创建，支持跨内容与布局的精细化调整，并降低了实现视觉一致性设计的障碍。