With the advancement of blockchain systems, many recent research works have proposed distributed ledger technology~(DLT) that employs Byzantine fault-tolerant~(BFT) consensus protocols to decide which block to append next to the ledger. Notably, BFT consensus can offer high performance, energy efficiency, and provable correctness properties, and it is thus considered a promising building block for creating highly resilient and performant blockchain infrastructures. Yet, a major ongoing challenge is to make BFT consensus applicable to large-scale environments. A large body of recent work addresses this challenge by developing novel ideas to improve the scalability of BFT consensus, thus opening the path for a new generation of BFT protocols tailored to the needs of blockchain. In this survey, we create a systematization of knowledge about the novel scalability-enhancing techniques that state-of-the-art BFT consensus protocols use. For our comparison, we closely analyze the efforts, assumptions, and trade-offs these protocols make.

翻译：随着区块链系统的发展，近年来许多研究工作提出了采用拜占庭容错共识协议来决策下一个附加到账本上的区块的分布式账本技术。值得注意的是，拜占庭容错共识能够提供高性能、高能效以及可证明的正确性属性，因此被视为构建高弹性和高性能区块链基础设施的有前景的构建模块。然而，当前面临的一项重大挑战是如何使拜占庭容错共识适用于大规模环境。大量近期研究通过开发新颖思路来提升拜占庭容错共识的可扩展性以应对这一挑战，从而为面向区块链需求的新一代拜占庭容错协议开辟了道路。在本综述中，我们系统化了关于当前最先进拜占庭容错共识协议所采用的新兴可扩展性增强技术的知识体系。为进行比较，我们深入分析了这些协议所作的投入、假设及权衡取舍。