The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates careful analysis of its ethical implications. In addressing ethics and fairness implications, it is important to examine the whole range of ethically relevant features rather than looking at individual agents alone. This can be accomplished by shifting perspective to the systems in which agents are embedded, which is encapsulated in the macro ethics of sociotechnical systems (STS). Through the lens of macro ethics, the governance of systems - which is where participants try to promote outcomes and norms which reflect their values - is key. However, multiple-user social dilemmas arise in an STS when stakeholders of the STS have different value preferences or when norms in the STS conflict. To develop equitable governance which meets the needs of different stakeholders, and resolve these dilemmas in satisfactory ways with a higher goal of fairness, we need to integrate a variety of normative ethical principles in reasoning. Normative ethical principles are understood as operationalizable rules inferred from philosophical theories. A taxonomy of ethical principles is thus beneficial to enable practitioners to utilise them in reasoning. This work develops a taxonomy of normative ethical principles which can be operationalized in the governance of STS. We identify an array of ethical principles, with 25 nodes on the taxonomy tree. We describe the ways in which each principle has previously been operationalized, and suggest how the operationalization of principles may be applied to the macro ethics of STS. We further explain potential difficulties that may arise with each principle. We envision this taxonomy will facilitate the development of methodologies to incorporate ethical principles in reasoning capacities for governing equitable STS.

翻译：人工智能（AI）的快速普及要求对其伦理影响进行审慎分析。在应对伦理与公平性挑战时，需要考察所有伦理相关特征的整体范围，而非仅关注单一行为主体。通过将视角转向行为主体所在的社会技术系统（STS），即宏观伦理视角，可实现这一目标。从宏观伦理角度看，系统治理——参与者在此过程中致力于推广反映其价值观的成果与规范——具有关键作用。然而，当STS利益相关者持有不同价值偏好或系统内规范相互冲突时，多用户社会困境便会在STS中浮现。为建立符合不同利益相关者需求、并以更高层次公平目标妥善解决此类困境的公平治理体系，我们需要在推理过程中整合多元规范性伦理原则。规范性伦理原则被理解为源自哲学理论的可操作化规则，因此建立伦理原则分类体系有助于实践者在实际推理中运用这些原则。本研究构建了可应用于STS治理的规范性伦理原则分类体系，识别出包含25个节点的伦理原则树状结构。我们阐述了每项原则先前被实践操作化的具体路径，并提出如何将原则操作化方法应用于STS宏观伦理实践，同时剖析了每项原则可能引发的潜在困境。我们预计该分类体系将推动方法论发展，促进伦理原则融入治理公平STS的推理能力建构。