Anthropomorphic social bots are engineered to emulate human verbal communication and generate toxic or inflammatory content across social networking services (SNSs). Bot-disseminated misinformation could subtly yet profoundly reshape societal processes by complexly interweaving factors like repeated disinformation exposure, amplified political polarization, compromised indicators of democratic health, shifted perceptions of national identity, propagation of false social norms, and manipulation of collective memory over time. However, extrapolating bots' pluripotency across hybridized, multilingual, and heterogeneous media ecologies from isolated SNS analyses remains largely unknown, underscoring the need for a comprehensive framework to characterise bots' emergent risks to civic discourse. Here we propose an interdisciplinary framework to characterise bots' pluripotency, incorporating quantification of influence, network dynamics monitoring, and interlingual feature analysis. When applied to the geopolitical discourse around the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, results from interlanguage toxicity profiling and network analysis elucidated spatiotemporal trajectories of pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian human and bots across hybrid SNSs. Weaponized bots predominantly inhabited X, while human primarily populated Reddit in the social media warfare. This rigorous framework promises to elucidate interlingual homogeneity and heterogeneity in bots' pluripotent behaviours, revealing synergistic human-bot mechanisms underlying regimes of information manipulation, echo chamber formation, and collective memory manifestation in algorithmically structured societies.

翻译：拟人化社交机器人被设计用于模仿人类语言交流，并在社交网络服务中生成有毒或煽动性内容。机器人传播的错误信息可能通过反复曝光虚假信息、加剧政治极化、损害民主健康指标、改变国家认同认知、传播虚假社会规范以及长期操纵集体记忆等复杂交织因素，潜移默化地重塑社会进程。然而，从孤立的社交网络服务分析中推断机器人在混合化、多语言和异质性媒体生态中的多能性仍属未知，这凸显了建立全面框架以表征机器人对公民话语构成的新兴风险的必要性。本文提出一个跨学科框架来表征机器人的多能性，整合了影响力量化、网络动态监测和跨语言特征分析。将该框架应用于围绕俄乌冲突的地缘政治话语时，跨语言毒性分析和网络分析结果阐明了亲俄与亲乌人类及机器人在混合社交网络服务中的时空轨迹。社交网络媒体战中，武器化机器人主要栖息于X平台，而人类主要活跃于Reddit平台。这一严谨框架有望阐明机器人多能行为中的跨语言同质性与异质性，揭示算法结构化社会中信息操纵机制、回音室形成和集体记忆呈现背后的人类-机器人协同机制。