The potential of gaze for hands-free mobile interaction is increasingly evident. While each gaze input technique presents distinct advantages and limitations, a combination can amplify strengths and mitigate challenges. We report on the results of a user study (N=24), in which we compared the usability and performance of pairing three popular gaze input techniques: Dwell Time, Pursuits, and Gaze Gestures, for navigation and selection tasks while sitting and walking. Results show that pairing gestures for navigation with either Dwell time or Pursuits for selection improves task completion time and rate compared to using either individually. We discuss the implications of pairing gaze input techniques, such as how Pursuits may negatively impact other techniques, likely due to the visual clutter it adds, how integrating gestures for navigation reduces the chances of unintentional selections, and the impact of motor activity on performance. Our findings provide insights for effective gaze-enabled interfaces.

翻译：凝视在免手持移动交互中的潜力日益显著。尽管每种凝视输入技术都具有独特的优势和局限，但组合使用可以增强优势并缓解挑战。我们报告了一项用户研究（N=24）的结果，在该研究中，我们比较了三种流行凝视输入技术——驻留时间、追踪和凝视手势——在坐姿和行走状态下配对用于导航与选择任务的可用性和性能。结果显示，将手势用于导航，并搭配驻留时间或追踪用于选择，相比单独使用任一技术，能提高任务完成时间和成功率。我们讨论了配对凝视输入技术的影响，例如追踪可能因增加的视觉干扰而对其他技术产生负面影响，整合手势进行导航如何降低意外选择的概率，以及运动活动对性能的影响。我们的研究结果为设计有效的凝视交互界面提供了见解。