Quantum annealing (QA) is a type of analog quantum computation that is a relaxed form of adiabatic quantum computation and uses quantum fluctuations in order to search for ground state solutions of a programmable Ising model. Here we present extensive experimental random number results from a D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, totaling over 20 billion bits of QA measurements, which is significantly larger than previous D-Wave QA random number generator studies. Current quantum annealers are susceptible to noise from environmental sources and calibration errors, and are not in general unbiased samplers. Therefore, it is of interest to quantify whether noisy quantum annealers can effectively function as an unbiased QRNG. The amount of data that was collected from the quantum annealer allows a comprehensive analysis of the random bits to be performed using the NIST SP 800-22 Rev 1a testsuite, as well as min-entropy estimates from NIST SP 800-90B. The randomness tests show that the generated random bits from the D-Wave 2000Q are biased, and not unpredictable random bit sequences. With no server-side sampling post-processing, the $1$ microsecond annealing time measurements had a min-entropy of $0.824$.

翻译：量子退火（QA）是一种模拟量子计算形式，它是绝热量子计算的松弛变体，利用量子涨落来搜索可编程伊辛模型的基态解。本文展示了来自D-Wave 2000Q量子退火器的大量实验随机数结果，总计超过200亿比特的QA测量数据，这显著大于先前基于D-Wave QA的随机数生成器研究。当前的量子退火器容易受到环境噪声和校准误差的影响，并且通常不是无偏采样器。因此，量化有噪声的量子退火器是否能有效充当无偏量子随机数生成器（QRNG）具有重要意义。从量子退火器收集的数据量允许使用NIST SP 800-22 Rev 1a测试套件进行全面分析，同时结合NIST SP 800-90B的最小熵估计。随机性测试表明，从D-Wave 2000Q生成的随机比特存在偏差，并非不可预测的随机比特序列。在没有服务器端采样后处理的情况下，1微秒退火时间测量的最小熵为0.824。